Chad

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Chad, kirasmi Jamhuri ya Chad (pia: Chadi), ni nchi huru iliyoko Afrika ya Kati. Imepakana na Libya, Sudan, Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati, Kamerun, Nigeria na Niger.

Mji mkuu ni Ndjamena.

Jiografia

Sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake ni jangwa na nchi yabisi. Kusini kuna kanda lenye hali ya hewa ya kitropiki, lakini ardhi yenye rutuba inayofaa kwa kilimo ni asilimia 3 tu za eneo lake lote .

Kaskazini kuna milima ya Tibesti.

Katikati liko beseni la ziwa Chad lililokuwa kati ya maziwa makubwa kabisa duniani lakini limepungua sana, hasa mwishoni mwa karne ya 20.

Historia

Katika milenia ya 7 KK kulikuwa na watu wengi sana katika beseni hiyo.

Katika historia kabla ya ukoloni watu wa kaskazini waliwafanyia vita watu wa kusini na kuteka wafungwa kama watumwa. Hivyo hadi leo uhusiano kati ya kusini na kaskazini ya nchi ni mgumu.

Tangu mwaka 2003 petroli imekuwa inaongoza kati ya bidhaa zinazopelekwa nje ya nchi badala ya pamba.

Tangu mwaka huo Mgogoro wa Darfur nchini Sudan umevuka mpaka na kuvuruga Chad pia. Ikiwa kati ya nchi zinazoongoza duniani kwa ufukara na ufisadi, ilipata shida kupokea wakimbizi kwa mamia elfu.

Ingawa kulikuwa na vyama vingi vya siasa na mapigano ya kisiasa pamoja na majaribio ya mapinduzi, mamlaka ilibaki imara mikononi mwa Rais Déby na chama chake, Patriotic Salvation Movement, hadi alipouawa mwaka 2021.

Watu

Msichana wa mkoa wa Ouaddaï.

Wakazi walikuwa 15,500,000 mwaka 2018.

Jinsi ilivyo katika nchi mbalimbali za kanda la Sahel kuna aina mbili za wakazi ndani yake:

• Kaskazini wako hasa watu walioathiriwa sana na utamaduni wa Uislamu (55% za wakazi wote, wengi wakiwa Wasuni). Mifano ni Waarabu (12.3%), Wafulbe, Wahaussa, Wazaghawa na wengineo. Wengi wao walikuwa wafugaji na sehemu ya makabila inaendelea hadi leo maisha ya kuhamahama.
• Kusini wako hasa watu wanaofuata Ukristo (41%, Wakatoliki wakiwa wengi kidogo kuliko Waprotestanti) au dini asilia za Kiafrika (1%) kama Wasara (27.7%). Wengi wao hulima.

Kwa jumla leo kuna makabila zaidi ya 200 nchini, ambayo hutimia lugha na lahaja zaidi ya 100 (angalia orodha ya lugha hizo). Asili yao ni Afrika Mashariki, Afrika ya Kati, Afrika Magharibi na Afrika Kaskazini vilevile.

Lugha rasmi ni Kiarabu na Kifaransa.

Tazama pia

• Orodha ya miji ya Chad
• Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
• Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
• Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
• Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa
• Demografia ya Afrika

Marejeo mengine

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• Nolutshungu, Sam C. (1995). Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-1628-3. 
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• (Kifaransa) "http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf Archived 5 Septemba 2011 at the Wayback Machine." (PDF). International Crisis Group. 1 June 2006.
• Wolfe, Adam; "Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic" at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 Januari 2007)., PINR, 6 December 2006.
• World Bank (14 July 2006). World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction Archived 12 Oktoba 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Press release.
• World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database. 2006. United Nations Population Division.
• "Worst corruption offenders named", BBC News, 18 November 2005.
• Young, Neil (August 2002); An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father").

Viungo vya nje

Vya serikali

• (Kifaransa) Serikali ya Chad Archived 4 Januari 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
• (Kifaransa) Official presidency site Archived 26 Februari 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members Archived 27 Julai 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

Vingine

• Chad entry at The World Factbook
• Chad country study from Library of Congress
• Chad katika Open Directory Project
• Chad profile from the BBC News
• Wikimedia Atlas of Chad
• Key Development Forecasts for Chad from International Futures

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Afrika bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Chad kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.