Uchawi

Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
(Elekezwa kutoka Wachawi)
Mganga wa kienyeji wa kabila la Washona huko Zimbabwe.
Mchoro wa John William Waterhouse, 1886 kuhusu uchawi.
Mchoro katika Monasteri ya Rila, Bulgaria, unaolaani uchawi na ushirikina.

Uchawi (kwa Kiingereza "Witchcraft") ni nguvu zinazotumiwa na watu wenye maarifa maalumu yasiyo ya kisayansi katika jamii nyingi duniani (zikiwemo za Afrika, Asia, Ulaya n.k.), ingawa kuna tofauti nyingi kulingana na mahali au utamaduni.

Lengo lake ni kujaribu bahati ya mtu na kujilinda na maadui wengine kimazingara, au kwa ajili ya kujifurahisha, japo wenye imani potofu hulichukulia maanani na kupandikiza chuki kwa ndugu jamaa hata jirani kuwa ni mchawi.

Kwa mujibu wa vitabu vya dini uwezo na nguvu zote za asili ni za Muumba wa mbingu na ardhi na vyote vilivyomo, hivyo yeye anampa mwanadamu uwezo kadiri tofautitofauti kama apendavyo, kwa maana uwezo huo hufanya kazi katika hali ya kubahatisha, yaani ni bahati, hakuna mwenye mamlaka ya kuongoza uwezo huo wa asili ila Mwenyezi Mungu.

Kadiri ya dini mbalimbali watu wote wanaotumia nguvu hizo za asili katika hali (hasi) wapo kinyume na Mungu Muumbaji wa mbingu na dunia, hawajui kuwa yeye ndiye mwanzilishi wa nguvu zote za asili ikiwa ni pamoja na wanadamu.

Elimu pia inaweza kusaidia kuondoa imani hizo kwani hata baadhi ya madhehebu ya dini zinachochea kuziamini imani hizo. Wasomi wa karne ya 21 wanapinga imani hizo potofu ambazo zimesababisha mateso kwa wazee wasio na hatia hasa vijijini wakishtumiwa uchawi. Tena kumekuwa na mafarakano na chuki katika jamii na familia mbalimbali kwa ajili ya imani ya uchawi; kwa mfano, watu kuuana, kuharibiana mali na mifugo kwa kuhisiana uchawi kwa sababu ya watu waliopandikizwa imani za kishirikina.

Serikali ya Tanzania imetumia jitihada zaidi pamoja na kuelimisha wananchi hasa kutokana na suala la imani potofu na tafsiri mbaya ya uchawi ambayo imepelekea watu takribani 5000 kupoteza uhai toka mwaka 1961 kutokana na mateso, kuchomewa nyumba na vibanda katika mikoa ya Tabora, Kigoma, Shinyanga na mikoa mingine; ni vilevile katika sehemu mbalimbali za Afrika ya Mashariki na ya Kati. Mwaka 2008 Rais wa Tanzania Jakaya Kikwete alilaani uchawi kama chanzo cha mauaji ya maalbino 25. Imani hizo potofu ni maarufu hata kwa viongozi japo kwa siri.

Tazama pia

Marejeo

Marejeo mengine

  • Ashforth, Adam (2000). Madumo, A Man Bewitched. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02971-9.
  • Boyer, Paul and Stephen Nissenbaum, eds. The Salem Witchcraft Papers: Verbatim Transcripts of the Legal Documents of the Salem Witchcraft Outbreak of 1692, Volumes I and II. New York: De Capo Press, 1977.
  • Kigezo:Cite thesis
  • Favret-Saada, Jeanne (Desemba 1980). Deadly Words: Witchcraft in the Bocage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29787-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • Favret-Saada, Jeanne (2009). Désorceler. L'Olivier. ISBN 978-2-87929-639-5.
  • Gaskill, Malcolm. "Masculinity and Witchcraft in Seventeenth-century England." In Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe, edited by Alison Rowlands, 171-190. New York: Palgrave-McMillan, 2009.
  • Geschiere, Peter (1997) [Translated from French Edition (1995 Karthala)]. The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa = Sorcellerie Et Politique En Afrique — la viande des autres. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1703-0.
  • Ginzburg, Carlo; Translated by Raymond Rosenthal (Juni 2004) [Originally published in Italy as Storia Notturna (1989 Giulio Einaudi)]. Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-29693-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • Hall, David, ed. Witch-hunting in Seventeenth-century New England: A Documentary History, 1638-1692. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991.
  • Henderson, Lizanne, Witch-Hunting and Witch Belief in the Gàidhealtachd, Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland Eds. Julian Goodare, Lauren Martin and Joyce Miller. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007
  • Hutton, Ronald (1999) The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft, Oxford, OUP.
  • Hyatt, Harry Middleton. Hoodoo, conjuration, witchcraft, rootwork: beliefs accepted by many Negroes and white persons, these being orally recorded among Blacks and whites. s.n., 1970.
  • Kent, Elizabeth. "Masculinity and Male Witches in Old and New England." History Workshop 60 (2005): 69-92.
  • Lindquist, Galina (2006). Conjuring Hope: Magic and Healing In Contemporary Russia. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-057-1. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Mei 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • Levack, Brian P. ed. The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America (2013) excerpt and text search
  • Moore, Henrietta L. and Todd Sanders 2001. Magical Interpretations, Material Realities: Modernity, Witchcraft and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa London: Routledge.
  • Notestein, Wallace. A history of witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718. New York : Crowell, 1968
  • Pentikainen, Juha. "Marnina Takalo as an Individual." C. JSTOR. 26 February 2007.
  • Pentikainen, Juha. "The Supernatural Experience." F. Jstor. 26 February 2007.
  • Pócs, Éva (1999). Between the Living and the Dead: A perspective on Witches and Seers in the Early Modern Age. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 963-9116-19-X.
  • Ruickbie, Leo (2004) Witchcraft out of the Shadows: A History, London, Robert Hale.
  • Stark, Ryan J. "Demonic Eloquence," in Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009), 115-45.
  • Williams, Howard (1865). The Superstitions of Witchcraft. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  • Worobec, Caroline. "Witchcraft Beliefs and Practices in Prerevolutionary Russia and Ukrainian Villages." Jstor. 27 February 2007.

Viungo vya nje

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Wikamusi ya Kiswahili ina maelezo na tafsiri ya maana ya neno:
Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya utamaduni bado ni mbegu.
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